Explores the historical Jesus and traces how he was transformed from a Jewish prophet to God himself.

New York Times bestselling author and Bible expert Bart Ehrman reveals how Jesus’s divinity became dogma in the first few centuries of the early church.

The claim at the heart of the Christian faith is that Jesus of Nazareth was, and is, God. But this is not what the original disciples believed during Jesus’s lifetime—and it is not what Jesus claimed about himself. How Jesus Became God tells the story of an idea that shaped Christianity, and of the evolution of a belief that looked very different in the fourth century than it did in the first.

A master explainer of Christian history, texts, and traditions, Ehrman reveals how an apocalyptic prophet from the backwaters of rural Galilee crucified for crimes against the state came to be thought of as equal with the one God Almighty, Creator of all things. But how did he move from being a Jewish prophet to being God? In a book that took eight years to research and write, Ehrman sketches Jesus’s transformation from a human prophet to the Son of God exalted to divine status at his resurrection. Only when some of Jesus’s followers had visions of him after his death—alive again—did anyone come to think that he, the prophet from Galilee, had become God. And what they meant by that was not at all what people mean today.

Written for secular historians of religion and believers alike, How Jesus Became God will engage anyone interested in the historical developments that led to the affirmation at the heart of Christianity: Jesus was, and is, God.

The studies have been revised and augmented to reflect the status of questions concerning the text of the New Testament 20 years after the first edition. Among the topics are the papyrus manuscripts, the Greek minuscules, the Greek lectionaries, the Diatessaron of Tatian, the Syriac versions, the Coptic versions, the Ethiopic version, the Armenian version, the Gothic version, the use of the Greek fathers for New Testament textual criticism, scribal tendencies in transmission, analyzing and categorizing New Testament Greek manuscripts, criteria for evaluating readings in textual criticism, modern critical edition and apparatuses of the Greek New Testament, and reasoned eclecticism in New Testament textual criticism. Annotation ©2014 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)

For the first time in one volume this book presents contributions to the textual criticism of the New Testament made over the past twenty years by Bart Ehrman, one of the premier textual scholars in North America. Including fifteen previously published articles and six lectures (delivered at Duke University and Yale University), this collection will be of vital importance to all students and scholars of the New Testament and early Christianity.

Defends the idea that Jesus was an actual historical figure and attempts to distinguish the actual man from the Christian God.

Più di duemila anni fa, in Palestina, un predicatore itinerante e sconosciuto, un uomo semplice, diventò agli occhi di molti il Figlio di Dio. Attorno alla sua parola nacque una chiesa destinata ad affermarsi rapidamente e con inaspettata fortuna, e ad acquisire un potere eccezionale: raccolta da narratori orali e seguaci, la sua testimonianza avrebbe raggiunto gli angoli più remoti della Terra. Che l'esistenza di Gesù di Nazaret sia una realtà è un'opinione sostanzialmente condivisa da storici e biblisti, ma a livello globale è diffuso un radicale scetticismo. Dai miticisti, convinti che la figura di Gesù appartenga al mito, ai teorici della cospirazione, che vedono in lui un clamoroso falso, un'invenzione della Chiesa delle origini prima e uno strumento di potere e di controllo sulle masse impugnato dalla Chiesa cattolica poi: i detrattori si rivelano una minoranza ostinata e rumorosa, capace di affermarsi in passato in paesi come l'Unione Sovietica e di conquistare attualmente un consenso crescente nel mondo occidentale. Dunque, Gesù è davvero esistito? Bart D. Ehrman, autorevole storico della Chiesa delle origini, affronta apertamente la domanda e prende in considerazione le prove che gli scettici più radicali portano a discredito della storicità di Gesù, analizzandole e confutandole in maniera rigorosa fino a costruire un'indagine dettagliata, condotta con la precisione a cui Ehrman ha abituato i suoi lettori.

Questa nuova edizione della celebre opera di Bruce M. Metzger, interamente rielaborata, si presenta come il manuale attualmente più aggiornato di introduzione alla critica del testo del Nuovo Testamento. Al rifacimento del classico di Metzger ha collaborato Bart D. Ehrman, noto anche in Italia per i suoi studi innovativi sul testo e la trasmissione degli scritti neotestamentari. L'opera di revisione ha riguardato sia aspetti di primo piano della ricerca sui manoscritti greci più antichi, sia problemi di metodo della critica del testo secondo i risultati della ricerca più recente. In particolare si sono presi in esame anche nuovi ambiti di interesse, ad esempio l'uso della tecnologia informatica per la raccolta e la valutazione dei testimoni testuali così come lo studio degli effetti che l'ambiente sociale e ideologico esercitò sull'attività e sull'opera degli amanuensi. Grazie alla soppressione di materiali che sono parsi marginali per i lettori di oggi, si è ricavato spazio per inserire indispensabili aggiornamenti bibliografici e informazioni più esaurienti sulla produzione e trascrizione dei libri nell'antichità e sulla storia della trasmissione del testo neotestamentario.

"Arguably the most distinctive feature of the early Christian literature," writes Bart Ehrman, "is the degree to which it was forged." The Homilies and Recognitions of Clement; Paul's letters to and from Seneca; Gospels by Peter, Thomas, and Philip; Jesus' correspondence with Abgar, letters by Peter and Paul in the New Testament--all forgeries. To cite just a few examples.

Forgery and Counterforgery is the first comprehensive study of early Christian pseudepigrapha ever produced in English. In it, Ehrman argues that ancient critics--pagan, Jewish, and Christian--understood false authorial claims to be a form of literary deceit, and thus forgeries. Ehrman considers the extent of the phenomenon, the "intention" and motivations of ancient Greek, Roman, and Jewish forgers, and reactions to their work once detected. He also assesses the criteria ancient critics applied to expose forgeries and the techniques forgers used to avoid detection. With the wider practices of the ancient world as backdrop, Ehrman then focuses on early Christian polemics, as various Christian authors forged documents in order to lend their ideas a veneer of authority in literary battles waged with pagans, Jews, and, most importantly, with one another in internecine disputes over doctrine and practice. In some instances a forger directed his work against views found in another forgery, creating thereby a "counter-forgery." Ehrman's evaluation of polemical forgeries starts with those of the New Testament (nearly half of whose books make a false authorial claim) up through the Pseudo-Ignatian epistles and the Apostolic Constitutions at the end of the fourth century.

Shining light on an important but overlooked feature of the early Christian world, Forgery and Counterforgery explores the possible motivations of the deceivers who produced these writings, situating their practice within ancient Christian discourses on lying and deceit.

Bart D. Ehrman, the New York Times bestselling author of Jesus, Interrupted and God?s Problem reveals which books in the Bible?s New Testament were not passed down by Jesus?s disciples, but were instead forged by other hands?and why this centuries-hidden scandal is far more significant than many scholars are willing to admit. A controversial work of historical reporting in the tradition of Elaine Pagels, Marcus Borg, and John Dominic Crossan, Ehrman?s Forged delivers a stunning explication of one of the most substantial?yet least discussed?problems confronting the world of biblical scholarship.

Defends the idea that Jesus was an actual historical figure and attempts to distinguish the actual man from the Christian God.

Falsi vangeli, false lettere, false apocalissi, anche fra i libri del Nuovo Testamento, impiegati come armi per affermare alcune convinzioni religiose o per contrastarne altre. In questo nuovo volume Bart D. Ehrman ci conduce in un viaggio nei primi quattro secoli dell'era cristiana, mettendo in luce un altro aspetto di quella "battaglia per le Sacre Scritture" di cui aveva già delineato i contorni nei Cristianesimi perduti: la pratica della contraffazione. Una storia di fede, dunque, ma soprattutto di libri falsi e di falsi apostoli, di imposture patenti e di mezze verità sullo sfondo turbolento e affascinante dei primi secoli cristiani.

In questo libro Ehrman offre un quadro interessante delle prime forme di cristianesimo e mostra come alla fine esse vennero soppresse, riformate o dimenticate. Tutti questi gruppi sostenevano di seguire gli insegnamenti di Gesù e dei suoi apostoli e tutti si fondavano su scritti che convalidavano le loro affermazioni, libri attribuiti ai seguaci stessi di Gesù. L'indagine archeologica moderna ha recuperato un certo numero di testi-chiave e queste scoperte spettacolari, come mostra Ehrman, rivelano una grande diversità religiosa. L'autore prende in esame varie "Scritture perdute", nonché le fedi di sette come gli Ebioniti giudeo-cristiani, i Marcioniti anti-ebraici e vari gruppi gnostici.

Bart Ehrman, the New York Times bestselling author of Misquoting Jesus and a recognized authority on the early Christian Church, and Zlatko Plese, a specialist in late ancient philosophy and Gnosticism, here offer a groundbreaking, multilingual edition of the Apocryphal Gospels, one that breathes new life into the non-canonical texts that were once nearly lost to history.

In The Apocryphal Gospels, Ehrman and Plese present a rare compilation of more than forty ancient gospel texts and textual fragments that do not appear in the New Testament. This essential collection contains Gospels describing Jesus's infancy, ministry, Passion, and resurrection, as well as the most controversial manuscript discoveries of modern times, including the most significant Gospel discovered in the twentieth centuryùthe Gospel of Thomasùand the most recently discovered Gospel, the Gospel of Judas Iscariot.

For the first time ever, these sacred manuscripts are featured in the original Greek, Latin, and Coptic languages, accompanied by fresh English translations that appear next to the original texts, allowing for easy line-by-line comparison. Also, each translation begins with a thoughtful examination of key historical, literary, and textual issues that places each Gospel in its proper context. The end result is a resource that enables anyone interested in Christianity or the early Church to understandùbetter than ever beforeùthe deeper meanings of these apocryphal Gospels.

The Apocryphal Gospels is much more than an annotated guide to the Gospels. Through its authoritative use of both native text and engaging, accurate translations, it provides an unprecedented look at early Christianity and the New Testament. This is an indispensable volume for any reader interested in church history, antiquity, ancient languages, or the Christian faith.

The Human Story Behind the Divine Book

In this New York Times bestseller, leading Bible expert Bart Ehrman skillfully demonstrates that the New Testament is riddled with contradictory views about who Jesus was and the significance of his life. Ehrman reveals that many of the books were written in the names of the apostles by Christians living decades later, and that central Christian doctrines were the inventions of still later theologians. Although this has been the standard and widespread view of scholars for two centuries, most people have never learned of it.

Jesus, Interrupted is a clear and compelling account of the central challenges we have when attempting to reconstruct the life and meaning of Jesus.

The Human Story Behind the Divine Book

In this New York Times bestseller, leading Bible expert Bart Ehrman skillfully demonstrates that the New Testament is riddled with contradictory views about who Jesus was and the significance of his life. Ehrman reveals that many of the books were written in the names of the apostles by Christians living decades later, and that central Christian doctrines were the inventions of still later theologians. Although this has been the standard and widespread view of scholars for two centuries, most people have never learned of it.

Jesus, Interrupted is a clear and compelling account of the central challenges we have when attempting to reconstruct the life and meaning of Jesus.

Rinvenuto per caso nel 1978 nella provincia egiziana di Al Minia, il Vangelo di Giuda costituisce l'unica testimonianza del singolarissimo rapporto fra Gesù e il suo "tredicesimo" e vituperato apostolo. A differenza dei racconti di Matteo, Luca, Marco o Giovanni, quello che porta il nome di Giuda Iscariota, classificato tra i vangeli cosiddetti "gnostici", si concentra solo sugli ultimi giorni di Gesù, sui suoi incontri e sulle sue conversazioni con i discepoli, ai quali annuncia le imperscrutabili verità che conducono alla salvezza. Attraverso un puntuale confronto sia con i quattro vangeli del Nuovo Testamento sia con altri testi gnostici (come il Vangelo di Tommaso), Bart D. Ehrman illustra e commenta le numerose peculiarità di questo straordinario documento. Oltre a un'insolita descrizione dei dodici apostoli - individui timorosi e insicuri, con un'opinione di Dio talmente erronea da renderli sordi al messaggio di Gesù -, è la figura stessa di Cristo ad assumere connotati inediti: per la prima volta, infatti, il Figlio di Dio è rappresentato nell'atto di ridere, e proprio dell'incapacità degli apostoli di cogliere il vero significato delle sue parole, quasi a sottolineare la distanza tra loro e Giuda, il discepolo eletto, al quale rivolge la frase più pregnante: "Tu sarai maggiore tra loro. Perché sacrificherai l'uomo che mi riveste".

Picking up where Bible expert Bart Ehrman's New York Times bestseller Misquoting Jesus left off, Jesus, Interrupted addresses the larger issue of what the New Testament actually teaches—and it's not what most people think. Here Ehrman reveals what scholars have unearthed:

• The authors of the New Testament have diverging views about who Jesus was and how salvation works
• The New Testament contains books that were forged in the names of the apostles by Christian writers who lived decades later
• Jesus, Paul, Matthew, and John all represented fundamentally different religions
• Established Christian doctrines—such as the suffering messiah, the divinity of Jesus, and the trinity—were the inventions of still later theologians

These are not idiosyncratic perspectives of just one modern scholar. As Ehrman skillfully demonstrates, they have been the standard and widespread views of critical scholars across a full spectrum of denominations and traditions. Why is it most people have never heard such things? This is the book that pastors, educators, and anyone interested in the Bible have been waiting for—a clear and compelling account of the central challenges we face when attempting to reconstruct the life and message of Jesus.

A professor of religious studies and former conservative Christian describes the painful dissolution of his faith as remembered in Misquoting Jesus, in a scholarly evaluation that explores the nature of a God who allows suffering and the Bible's often contradictory perspectives on suffering. Reprint. 50,000 first printing.

€ 16,10

A leading historian of the early church and the best-selling author of Misquoting Jesus, Bart Ehrman offers the first comprehensive account of the newly discovered Gospel of Judas, revealing what this legendary lost gospel contains and why it is so important for our understanding of Christianity. Ehrman recounts the fascinating story of where and how this ancient papyrus document was discovered, how it moved around among antiquities dealers in Egypt, the United States, and Switzerland, and how it came to be restored and translated. More important, Ehrman gives the reader a complete and clear account of what the book teaches and he shows how it relates to other Gospel texts--both those inside the New Testament and those outside of it, most notably, the Gnostic texts of early Christianity. Finally, he describes what we now can say about the historical Judas himself as well as his relationship with Jesus, suggesting that one needs to read between the lines of the early Gospels to see exactly what Judas did and why he did it. The Gospel of Judas presents an entirely new view of Jesus, his disciples, and the man who allegedly betrayed him. It raises many questions and Bart Ehrman provides illuminating and authoritative answers, in a book that will interest anyone curious about the New Testament, the life of Jesus, and the history of Christianity after his death.

"A must for those interested in the subject of early Christianity, this volume will also attract readers intrigued by all the hoopla arising from the discovery of the lost Gospel."
--Booklist

"In typically brilliant fashion, Ehrman tells the lively tale of the modern discovery of the Gospel of Judas and its significance for us today."
--Publishers Weekly

For 1,600 years its message lay hidden. When the bound papyrus pages of this lost gospel finally reached scholars who could unlock its meaning, they were astounded. Here was a gospel that had not been seen since the early days of Christianity, and which few experts had even thought existed–a gospel told from the perspective of Judas Iscariot, history's ultimate traitor. And far from being a villain, the Judas that emerges in its pages is a hero.

In this radical reinterpretation, Jesus asks Judas to betray him. In contrast to the New Testament Gospels, Judas Iscariot is presented as a role model for all those who wish to be disciples of Jesus and is the one apostle who truly understands Jesus.

Discovered by farmers in the 1970s in Middle Egypt, the codex containing the gospel was bought and sold by antiquities traders, secreted away, and carried across three continents, all the while suffering damage that reduced much of it to fragments. In 2001, it finally found its way into the hands of a team of experts who would painstakingly reassemble and restore it. The Gospel of Judas has been translated from its original Coptic to clear prose, and is accompanied by commentary that explains its fascinating history in the context of the early Church, offering a whole new way of understanding the message of Jesus Christ.

Bart Ehrman, author of the highly popular books Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code, Lost Christianities, and the New York Times bestseller Misquoting Jesus, here takes readers on another engaging tour of the early Christian church, illuminating the lives of Jesus' most intriguing followers: Simon Peter, the Apostle Paul, and Mary Magdalene.
What does the Bible tell us about each of these key followers of Christ? What legends have sprung up about them in the centuries after their deaths? Was Paul bow-legged and bald? Was Peter crucified upside down? Was Mary Magdalene a prostitute? In this lively work, Ehrman separates fact from fiction, presenting complicated historical issues in a clear and informative way and relating vivid anecdotes culled from the traditions of these three followers. He notes, for instance, that there is no evidence to suggest that Mary Magdalene was a prostitute (this legend can be traced to a sermon preached by Gregory the Great five centuries after her death), and little reason to think that she was married to Jesus. Similarly, there is no historical evidence for the well-known tale that Peter was crucified upside down.
A serious book but vibrantly written and leavened with many colorful stories, Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene will appeal to anyone curious about the early Christian church and the lives of these important figures.

"An informed but breezy look at the myths surrounding Jesus' most influential followers.... This book contains valuable historical scholarship. It also encourages readers to approach the Scriptures with fresh and enlightened eyes."
--Christian Science Monitor

Che cosa ci dice il Nuovo Testamento dei tre più noti discepoli di Gesù Cristo? Quali sono le leggende su di loro nate e diffuse nel corso dei secoli? Pietro fu veramente crocifisso a testa in giù? Maria Maddalena era una prostituta? Paolo era davvero calvo e con le gambe arcuate? In questo saggio, Bart D. Ehrman, una delle massime autorità mondiali nel campo degli studi biblici, distingue nettamente tra fatti e credenze, presentando con chiarezza ed efficacia i complessi problemi storiografici che emergono dalla tradizione legata a questi tre personaggi. Scopriamo, così, che non esiste alcuna fonte attendibile che attesti che Maria Maddalena fosse una prostituta o che si sia unita in matrimonio con Gesù Cristo. Allo stesso modo, non esiste nessuna prova sicura sulla forma del martirio di Pietro né sull'aspetto fisico e sulle presunte capacità soprannaturali di Paolo che, secondo Ehrman, sono il frutto di leggende volte ad accrescere il valore della predicazione del santo.

"Chi è senza peccato scagli la prima pietra" è forse una delle citazioni evangeliche più conosciute anche da chi non ha mai studiato il Nuovo Testamento, ma quanti sanno che l'intero episodio della lapidazione dell'adultera è dovuto a un copista e non apparteneva al testo originale del vangelo di Giovanni? Come afferma Bart D. Ehrman, un esperto di studi biblici, errori, varianti e modifiche sono la regola nella lunga e complessa storia che ha portato dalla stesura dei primi vangeli al testo che si leggono oggi. Ehrman conduce il grande pubblico nel misterioso mondo della critica testuale dei vangeli, alla ricerca dell'autentica parola di Dio.

On best-seller lists nationwide: New York Times, USA Today, Publishers Weekly, and the Washington Post.

This compelling and exhaustively researched account reveals the truth behind one of the greatest Judeo Christian archaeology of the century?a 1,600-year-old papyrus manuscript, or codex, containing the only known surviving Gospel of Judas. With all the skills of an investigative journalist and master storyteller, Herbert Krosney traces the forgotten gospel's improbable journey from the sands of the Egyptian desert across three continents?a trek that would take it through the netherworld of the international antiquities trade?until the crumbling papyrus is finally made to give up its secrets.

Sold twice, lost once and hidden in a safe-deposit box in Long Island for sixteen years, the story of The Gospel of Judas's amazing trek from the cavern near the banks of the Nile River reads like a "plot from a Hollywood mystery." Was one of history's greatest villains really one of its greatest heroes? Was Judas Iscariot really Jesus Christ's betrayer? With the discovery of the 1,600-year-old Gospel, you can now decide for yourself.

For almost 1,500 years, the New Testament manuscripts were copied by hand––and mistakes and intentional changes abound in the competing manuscript versions. Religious and biblical scholar Bart Ehrman makes the provocative case that many of our widely held beliefs concerning the divinity of Jesus, the Trinity, and the divine origins of the Bible itself are the results of both intentional and accidental alterations by scribes.

In this compelling and fascinating book, Ehrman shows where and why changes were made in our earliest surviving manuscripts, explaining for the first time how the many variations of our cherished biblical stories came to be, and why only certain versions of the stories qualify for publication in the Bibles we read today. Ehrman frames his account with personal reflections on how his study of the Greek manuscripts made him abandon his once ultra–conservative views of the Bible.

In his staggeringly popular work of fiction, Dan Brown states up front that the historical information in the The Da Vinci Code is all factually accurate. But is this claim true? As historian Bart D. Ehrman shows in this informative and witty book, The Da Vinci Code is filled with numerous historical mistakes.
Did the ancient church engage in a cover-up to make the man Jesus into a divine figure? Did Emperor Constantine select for the New Testament--from some 80 contending Gospels--the only four Gospels that stressed that Jesus was divine? Was Jesus Christ married to Mary Magdalene? Did the Church suppress Gospels that told the secret of their marriage? Bart Ehrman thoroughly debunks all of these claims. But the book is not merely a laundry list of Brown's misreading of history. Throughout, Ehrman offers a wealth of fascinating background information--all historically accurate--on early Christianity. He describes, for instance, the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls ; outlines in simple terms how scholars of early Christianity determine which sources are most reliable; and explores the many other Gospels that have been found in the last half century. In his engaging book, Ehrman separates fact from fiction, the historical realities from the flights of literary fancy. Anyone who would like to know the truth about the beginnings of Christianity and the real truth behind The Da Vinci Code will find this book riveting.