The Cardsharps, one of the paintings that launched Caravaggio's spectacular career in Rome, captured the turbulent social reality of the city in the 1590s. This early masterpiece not only documented one of the everyday activities of Rome's citizens, but its vivid, lifelike style also opened the door to a revolutionary naturalism that would spread throughout Europe.

Helen Langdon, the scholar whose illuminating Caravaggio: A Life became a best-seller, returns to her subject and his milieu in this new, richly illustrated volume. She sets Caravaggio's Cardsharps within the context of contemporaneous literature, art theory, and theater and incorporates new archival research to enliven our understanding of the painter's time, place, and contemporaries. By fully analyzing one of Caravaggio's most daringly novel works, Langdon demonstrates the significant influence he had on the future of European art.

Salvator Rosa (1615-1673) was one of the boldest and most powerfully inventive artists and personalities of the Italian seventeenth century. He is still best known as `savage Rosa', the creator of wild landscapes, where bandits and hermits lurk amongst shattered trees and rocks. But his range was wide, and he also painted novel allegorical pictures, distinguished by a melancholy poetry; fanciful portraits of romantic figures; macabre witchcraft scenes, which remain amongst the most bizarre images in all seventeenth-century art; rare scenes from ancient history and from the lives of the ancient philosophers, which brought into painting some of the major ethical and scientific concerns of his age.

Rosa was not only a painter. He was also an actor and major satirical poet, who shone in the world of the literary academies, and he took pleasure in the company of scholars and literary men. His impatience with the conventional system of patronage and advancement led him to create a new persona for the artist, characterized by extravagant claims to freedom, and he used both the public exhibitions in Rome and the ready support of his literary admirers to spread his fame. He has always had a dual importance for the history of art, as painter and as personality, and in the Romantic period new myths were spun around him. Identified with one of his own banditti, he became a cult figure, celebrated as a free and fiery artist who soared above all rules.

This catalogue draws on recent scholarship and adopts a thematic approach that will deepen our understanding of the different genres of painting to which Rosa made so fundamental a contribution. It aims to reveal afresh both the variety and quality of his art, and to set it within a seventeenth-century context. The detailed catalogue entries, and introductions to each theme, are preceded by a critical biography of Salvator Rosa (Helen Langdon), a discussion of the way Rosa saw the potential of seventeenth-century art exhibitions and used them to promote his art (Xavier F. Salomon) and an exploration of the relationship of his paintings to the world of theatre and music and to the literary culture of the academics (Caterina Volpi)

"Gli occhi vivaci, sì, ma incaverniti" è scritto nell'epitaffio di Michelangelo Merisi, il Caravaggio: il tratto fisico che verosimilmente di più colpiva i suoi contemporanei. L'intenso lume dello sguardo, ma con qualcosa di fosco, di forte e profondamente oscuro. Ed è, si può dire, questo stesso inquietante contrasto la sintesi del fascino che la sua figura esercita attraverso il tempo, come la sua pittura: un mescolarsi misterioso di forza e vitalità ma con una premonizione di dramma e di morte, un naturalismo radicato nei sensi ma con una ispirazione inquieta. Pur essendo il più ricercato pittore dei tempi suoi, era considerato già allora un uomo strano e bizzarro, con pochi legami. Visse poco più che trent'anni, una vita geniale ma violenta, in anni violenti e in una società violenta, com'erano i tempi a cavallo tra Cinquecento e Seicento quando l'Italia, che Caravaggio corse dal milanese alla Sicilia e Malta, entrava nel Barocco e nella Controriforma e cadeva sotto il dominio egemonico di Spagna. Fu un assassino e finì disperato in circostanze poco chiare. Caravaggio, osserva Helen Langdon, "era infaticabile, inquieto, sempre in movimento, come in preda a una timore rabbioso, considerato pazzo". E già a chi aveva conoscenza diretta di lui, molte zone del personaggio e del suo vivere restavano in ombra, indecifrate. Una scarsità di notizie che ha alimentato inesattezze e favole, e la generale incertezza biografica che questo lavoro viene a riparare.